踏入15/16世紀,就是早期現代英語的時代。莎士比亞的著作和欽定版聖經King James Version是當時的典範。
1604年,詹姆斯一世批准把聖經翻譯為英語版本。1611年翻譯完成。皇室下令付印,導致將來一段法律上的插曲。因為當年印刷機器少,皇室要大量印製文件都要委託印刷機構。可是沒有版權概念,委託時沒有說明版權。於是,後來制定版權法,印製者被認定擁有版權,導致皇室喪失了很多文件的版權。為了修補漏洞,加入皇家版權法來保護皇家文獻的版權。
當時聖經需求量大,這個欽定版本大量印製,並在英格蘭廣泛流傳,聖經內所使用的英文成了新標準。當中所使用的表達手法,散文式節奏影響了往後300年英格蘭文學的發展。
1769年的第二版也見證了英文的轉變。
(1611)
1. Though I speake with the tongues of men & of Angels, and haue not charity, I am become as sounding brasse or a tinkling cymbal.
2 And though I haue the gift of prophesie, and vnderstand all mysteries and all knowledge: and though I haue all faith, so that I could remooue mountaines, and haue no charitie, I am nothing.
3 And though I bestowe all my goods to feede the poore, and though I giue my body to bee burned, and haue not charitie, it profiteth me nothing.
(1769)
1. Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal.
2 And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing.
3 And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth me nothing.
可見1611年當時的串字不穩定,常見uv不分,ij不分,莎士比亞也hee/he 不分,W(double U不是 得-biu-U) 也寫成了兩個V。難怪有人曾經錯怪香港大學仿古門牌串錯字。
中古英語的I, þou, he/sche/hit, we, ye, þey(我,你,他/她/它,我們,你們,他們)演變成早期現代英語的I, thou, he/she/it, we, ye, they.
另 外,進行時式和完成時式開始有了雛型。They are sleep/they are a-sleeping,即今日的They are sleeping.就像中文"他們正在睡覺"。從a-sleeping可看到一些端倪,譬如今日的aware,awake,asleep, abroad,ashore,ashame,arise,alive。
有趣的是,原來德語法語沒有對應的進行時式(Continuous and Progressive Aspects)。難道他們沒有這個概念嗎?不是有這種思考模式就有這種語言文法?其實又不是這麼單一,只是用另外一種形式迂迴地表達。譬如"他們在睡眠 中","他們為睡眠而躺",否則只會以簡單現在時式表達-"他們睡了"。
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